The key signal is when the previous year's speculative leaders (high-fliers) start to decline while the broad market (like the S&P 500) continues to rise. This happened in 1929, 1972, 2000, and 2021.
In 1929, the 'junk' stocks went down while the market went up 35%. In 2000, growth stocks peaked in March and were down 40% by October, while the rest of the S&P rose 15%. In 2021, meme stocks and Cathie Wood's portfolio declined while the S&P powered ahead. This 'getting the sign wrong' is the greatest primal scream from the market.